Neuromodulation

TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) is a neuromodulation technique that stimulates nerve cells by sending magnetic fields to specific areas of the brain. The magnetic pulses target the motor cortex, thus facilitating the relearning of motor functions. High-frequency (5 Hz and above) applications increase the excitability of the cerebral cortex, while low-frequency stimulations (1 Hz and below) provide inhibition of the cortex. TMS is widely used to improve motor skills in both acute and chronic stroke patients.

tDCS (Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation) regulates the electrical activity of the brain using low-intensity electric current. This technique is performed with electrodes placed on the surface of the brain. Anodal electrodes increase excitability while cathodal electrodes promote inhibition. tDCS provides effective results, especially when combined with physical therapy to enhance motor learning and neuroplasticity

VNS (Vagus Nerve Stimulation) is a technique that strengthens the connection with the central nervous system by sending electrical impulses to the vagus nerve. These impulses increase the release of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine, accelerating learning and motor recovery. Noninvasive vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a method that modulates the vagus nerve with external electrical impulses without requiring a direct surgical implant. This is usually accomplished with a device or electrodes placed in the neck area. VNS is an effective method to support long-term neurological adaptation in chronic stroke patients. Especially in post-stroke rehabilitation, it has been shown to be effective in accelerating motor recovery processes and can be used as a complementary tool to treatment. It is preferred by many patients because it is painless and safe.